{"id":47517,"date":"2025-06-03T10:00:42","date_gmt":"2025-06-03T08:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/?p=47517"},"modified":"2025-06-25T16:53:30","modified_gmt":"2025-06-25T14:53:30","slug":"annealing-heat-treatments-key-types-for-steel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/en\/annealing-heat-treatments-key-types-for-steel\/","title":{"rendered":"Heat Treatments: Annealing"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\" id=\"wpb-content-root\">[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]In industrial <strong data-start=\"351\" data-end=\"370\">heat treatments<\/strong>, the word <strong data-start=\"381\" data-end=\"394\">annealing<\/strong> is widely used, yet it actually covers several distinct variants. Each variant serves a precise purpose, linked to the material and to the next manufacturing step.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"560\" data-end=\"629\">Below we examine five annealing types commonly applied in industry:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"633\" data-end=\"680\">Process Annealing (Ricottura di Lavorabilit\u00e0)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"633\" data-end=\"680\">Full Annealing (Ricottura Completa)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"633\" data-end=\"680\">Isothermal Annealing (Ricottura Isotermica)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"633\" data-end=\"680\">Stress-Relief Annealing (Ricottura di Distensione)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"633\" data-end=\"680\">Spheroidizing Annealing (Ricottura di Globulizzazione)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For each process we outline the thermal cycle, purpose, metallographic effects, and main applications.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main\" style=\"border-color:#ebebeb;\"><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Process Annealing&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]\n<p data-start=\"1047\" data-end=\"1116\">Typical for parts that will undergo extensive chip-removal machining.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1120\" data-end=\"1190\"><strong data-start=\"1120\" data-end=\"1131\">Heating<\/strong>: below the critical transformation points (580 \u2013 680 \u00b0C)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1120\" data-end=\"1190\"><strong data-start=\"1193\" data-end=\"1201\">Soak<\/strong> at temperature<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1120\" data-end=\"1190\"><strong data-start=\"1221\" data-end=\"1237\">Slow cooling<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1239\" data-end=\"1262\">Metallographic notes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1266\" data-end=\"1304\">The original structure is preserved.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1266\" data-end=\"1304\">Grain size is unchanged.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1335\" data-end=\"1392\"><strong data-start=\"1335\" data-end=\"1346\">Result:<\/strong> hardness is reduced, improving machinability.<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;47000&#8243; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; onclick=&#8221;img_link_large&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main\" style=\"border-color:#ebebeb;\"><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Full Annealing&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\n<div class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p data-start=\"1443\" data-end=\"1480\">A relatively long industrial cycle:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1484\" data-end=\"1523\"><strong data-start=\"1484\" data-end=\"1495\">Heating<\/strong> above the critical points<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1484\" data-end=\"1523\"><strong data-start=\"1526\" data-end=\"1534\">Soak<\/strong> long enough to stabilise the structure<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1484\" data-end=\"1523\"><strong data-start=\"1578\" data-end=\"1599\">Very slow cooling<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1601\" data-end=\"1751\"><strong data-start=\"1601\" data-end=\"1615\">Objective:<\/strong> erase the previous microstructure and create a new equilibrium structure of ferrite + pearlite, with grain regeneration and refinement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;47004&#8243; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; onclick=&#8221;img_link_large&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main\" style=\"border-color:#ebebeb;\"><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Isothermal Annealing&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\n<div class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p>Widely used on forging components made of case-hardening steels as a cost-effective alternative to full annealing (shorter cycle).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1945\" data-end=\"1980\">Heat above the A\u2083 critical point.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1945\" data-end=\"1980\">Soak.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1945\" data-end=\"1980\">Rapidly cool below the A\u2081 point.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1945\" data-end=\"1980\">Hold until pearlitic transformation is complete.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1945\" data-end=\"1980\">Cool to room temperature.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Effects:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2131\" data-end=\"2163\">Previous structure is removed.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2131\" data-end=\"2163\">New ferrite + pearlite structure forms.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2131\" data-end=\"2163\">Grain is regenerated and refined.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;47023&#8243; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; onclick=&#8221;img_link_large&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main\" style=\"border-color:#ebebeb;\"><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Stress-Relief Annealing&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\n<div class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p data-start=\"2309\" data-end=\"2359\">Reduces or eliminates internal stresses caused by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2363\" data-end=\"2374\">Machining<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2363\" data-end=\"2374\">Cold working<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2363\" data-end=\"2374\">EDM<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2363\" data-end=\"2374\">Straightening<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2363\" data-end=\"2374\">Welding<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2431\" data-end=\"2445\"><strong data-start=\"2431\" data-end=\"2443\">Variants<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2448\" data-end=\"2533\"><em data-start=\"2448\" data-end=\"2477\">Pre-hardening stress relief<\/em> \u2014 on rough-machined parts or dies before semi-finish.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2448\" data-end=\"2533\"><em data-start=\"2536\" data-end=\"2554\">Stress tempering<\/em> \u2014 on already quenched-and-tempered material.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2601\" data-end=\"2627\"><strong data-start=\"2601\" data-end=\"2625\">Typical temperatures<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2630\" data-end=\"2655\">600 \u2013 700 \u00b0C (standard)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2630\" data-end=\"2655\">~540 \u00b0C for quenched-and-tempered steels (30-50 \u00b0C below the highest previous tempering temperature to preserve mechanical properties).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;47025&#8243; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; onclick=&#8221;img_link_large&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main\" style=\"border-color:#ebebeb;\"><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Spheroidizing Annealing&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\n<div class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p data-start=\"2863\" data-end=\"2915\">Applied to high-carbon <strong data-start=\"2886\" data-end=\"2896\">steels<\/strong> (e.g., 100Cr6) to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2919\" data-end=\"2960\">Improve machinability on machine tools.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2919\" data-end=\"2960\">Facilitate cold forming.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2989\" data-end=\"3026\">Also known as <em data-start=\"3003\" data-end=\"3023\">pendulum annealing<\/em>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"3030\" data-end=\"3059\">Heat close to the A\u2081 point.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3030\" data-end=\"3059\">Oscillate just above\/below A\u2081 for an extended time.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3030\" data-end=\"3059\">Very slow cooling to room temperature.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3158\" data-end=\"3239\"><strong data-start=\"3158\" data-end=\"3169\">Result:<\/strong> a globular pearlite structure, ideal for machinability and ductility.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;47027&#8243; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; onclick=&#8221;img_link_large&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main\" style=\"border-color:#ebebeb;\"><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747820193750{margin-bottom: -30px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Summary Table&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;47036&#8243; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; onclick=&#8221;img_link_large&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main\" style=\"border-color:#ebebeb;\"><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Conclusion&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\n<div class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\n<div class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p data-start=\"3263\" data-end=\"3438\">Annealing cycles are preparatory <strong data-start=\"3296\" data-end=\"3315\">heat treatments<\/strong> that optimise machining, stabilise dimensions and deliver the required microstructure before subsequent processing stages.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3440\" data-end=\"3624\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/en\/\">Bonomi Acciai<\/a>, Italian representative of <a href=\"https:\/\/swisssteel-group.com\/it\">Swiss Steel Group<\/a>, supports designers and die-makers in selecting the most suitable thermal cycle to fully exploit our special-steel potential.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=&#8221;stretch_row_content&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1750858056292{background-color: #ebebeb !important;}&#8221; visibility=&#8221;hidden-phone&#8221;][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\" style=\"height:35px;\"><\/div>[vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Would you like to learn more?&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|font_size:46px|text_align:center|color:%23172028&#8243; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\" style=\"height:35px;\"><\/div>[vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Contact our technical department:&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|font_size:26px|text_align:center|color:%23172028&#8243; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Fill out the form:&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|font_size:26px|text_align:center|color:%23172028&#8243; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\" style=\"height:24px;\"><\/div>[\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1717675819823{margin-right: -10px !important;margin-left: -10px !important;border-right-width: -10px !important;border-left-width: -10px !important;padding-right: -10px !important;padding-left: -10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;44125&#8243; img_size=&#8221;1080&#215;1080&#8243; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\" style=\"height:35px;\"><\/div>[vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Daniele Magistroni&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|font_size:26px|text_align:center|color:%23282828&#8243; google_fonts=&#8221;font_family:Arimo%3Aregular%2Citalic%2C700%2C700italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;none&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Powder &amp; Cold Work Tool Steels Application Manager&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|font_size:19px|text_align:center|color:%23282828&#8243; google_fonts=&#8221;font_family:Arimo%3Aregular%2Citalic%2C700%2C700italic|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;none&#8221;]<div class=\"vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-max-w-100 wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main\" style=\"width:250px;margin-block:15px;border-color:#282828;\"><\/div><style>.vcex-social-links.vcex_6ac84b1304127{font-size:20px;}.vcex-social-links.vcex_6ac84b1304127 .vcex-social-links__item{color:#282828;}.vcex-social-links.vcex_6ac84b1304127 .vcex-social-links__item:hover{color:#4a6670;}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-social-links vcex-module wpex-flex wpex-flex-wrap wpex-gap-5 wpex-social-btns vcex-social-btns wpex-items-center wpex-justify-center wpex-last-mr-0 vcex_6ac84b1304127\"><a href=\"mailto:d&#046;mag&#105;&#115;&#116;&#114;oni&#064;bon&#111;miac&#099;ia&#105;&#046;i&#116;\" class=\"vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-no-style wpex-has-custom-color wpex-email\"><span class=\"vcex-social-links__icon wpex-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M48 64C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112c0 15.1 7.1 29.3 19.2 38.4L236.8 313.6c11.4 8.5 27 8.5 38.4 0L492.8 150.4c12.1-9.1 19.2-23.3 19.2-38.4c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48zM0 176V384c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V176L294.4 339.2c-22.8 17.1-54 17.1-76.8 0L0 176z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Email<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/daniele-magistroni-37b803ab\/\" class=\"vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-no-style wpex-has-custom-color wpex-linkedin\"><span class=\"vcex-social-links__icon wpex-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M100.3 448H7.4V148.9h92.9zM53.8 108.1C24.1 108.1 0 83.5 0 53.8a53.8 53.8 0 0 1 107.6 0c0 29.7-24.1 54.3-53.8 54.3zM447.9 448h-92.7V302.4c0-34.7-.7-79.2-48.3-79.2-48.3 0-55.7 37.7-55.7 76.7V448h-92.8V148.9h89.1v40.8h1.3c12.4-23.5 42.7-48.3 87.9-48.3 94 0 111.3 61.9 111.3 142.3V448z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/div>[\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]\n<div class=\"wpcf7 no-js\" id=\"wpcf7-f44579-o1\" lang=\"it-IT\" dir=\"ltr\" data-wpcf7-id=\"44579\">\n<div class=\"screen-reader-response\"><p role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\"><\/p> <ul><\/ul><\/div>\n<form action=\"\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47517#wpcf7-f44579-o1\" method=\"post\" class=\"wpcf7-form init\" aria-label=\"Modulo di contatto\" novalidate=\"novalidate\" data-status=\"init\">\n<fieldset class=\"hidden-fields-container\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7\" value=\"44579\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_version\" value=\"6.2.1\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_locale\" value=\"it_IT\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_unit_tag\" value=\"wpcf7-f44579-o1\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_container_post\" value=\"0\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_posted_data_hash\" value=\"\" \/>\n<\/fieldset>\n<style>\n.contact-form-wrapper {\n background: white; \/* Sfondo del modulo *\/\n padding: 20px;\n border-radius: 10px;\n box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n max-width: 600px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n color: black; \/* Colore del testo *\/\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper .form-row {\n display: flex;\n flex-wrap: wrap;\n margin-bottom: 5px; \/* Spazio ridotto tra le righe *\/\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper .form-column {\n flex: 1;\n padding: 0 10px;\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper .form-column-full {\n flex: 0 0 100%;\n padding: 0 10px;\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper .form-column label,\n.contact-form-wrapper .form-column-full label {\n display: block;\n margin-bottom: 5px; \/* Spazio ridotto tra etichetta e campo di input *\/\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper input[type=\"text\"],\n.contact-form-wrapper input[type=\"email\"],\n.contact-form-wrapper input[type=\"tel\"],\n.contact-form-wrapper textarea {\n width: 100%;\n padding: 10px;\n border-radius: 5px;\n border: none;\n background: darkgray; \/* Sfondo dei campi *\/\n color: white; \/* Colore del testo nei campi *\/\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper textarea {\n height: 100px;\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper p {\n margin: 5px 0; \/* Spazio ridotto tra i paragrafi *\/\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper .submit-row {\n display: flex;\n justify-content: center;\n padding: 0 10px;\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper input[type=\"submit\"] {\n width: 100%;\n background: black;\n color: white;\n padding: 10px 20px;\n font-size: 16px;\n border: none;\n border-radius: 10px;\n cursor: pointer;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper input[type=\"submit\"]:hover {\n background: #333;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"contact-form-wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"form-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"form-column\">\n\t\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<strong>Nome<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-name\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-required\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" placeholder=\"Nome\" value=\"\" type=\"text\" name=\"your-name\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"form-column\">\n\t\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<strong>Cognome<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-surname\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-required\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" placeholder=\"Cognome\" value=\"\" type=\"text\" name=\"your-surname\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"form-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"form-column\">\n\t\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<strong>Azienda<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-azienda\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-required\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" placeholder=\"Azienda\" value=\"\" type=\"text\" name=\"your-azienda\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"form-column\">\n\t\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<strong>Sito Web<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-website\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text\" aria-invalid=\"false\" placeholder=\"Sito Web\" value=\"\" type=\"text\" name=\"your-website\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"form-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"form-column\">\n\t\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<strong>Telefono<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-tel\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-required\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" placeholder=\"Telefono\" value=\"\" type=\"text\" name=\"your-tel\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"form-column\">\n\t\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<strong>Email<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-email\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-email wpcf7-validates-as-required wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-email\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" placeholder=\"Email\" value=\"\" type=\"email\" name=\"your-email\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"form-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"form-column-full\">\n\t\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<strong>Messaggio<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-message\"><textarea cols=\"40\" rows=\"10\" maxlength=\"2000\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-textarea wpcf7-validates-as-required\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" placeholder=\"Messaggio\" name=\"your-message\"><\/textarea><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"form-row\">\n\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<p><span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"checkbox-713\"><span class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-checkbox wpcf7-validates-as-required\"><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item first last\"><input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"checkbox-713[]\" value=\"Accetto la Privacy Policy\" \/><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item-label\">Accetto la Privacy Policy<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iubenda.com\/privacy-policy\/38826225\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Leggi qui<\/a>\n\t\t<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"form-row submit-row\">\n\t\t<p><input class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-submit has-spinner\" type=\"submit\" value=\"INVIA!\" \/>\n\t\t<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"wpcf7-response-output\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=&#8221;stretch_row_content&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1717678552691{background-color: #ebebeb !important;}&#8221; visibility=&#8221;visible-phone&#8221;][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\" style=\"height:35px;\"><\/div>[vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Would you like to learn more?&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|font_size:35px|text_align:center|color:%23172028&#8243; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\" style=\"height:35px;\"><\/div>[vc_single_image image=&#8221;44125&#8243; img_size=&#8221;1080&#215;1080&#8243; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\" style=\"height:35px;\"><\/div>[vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Daniele Magistroni&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|font_size:26px|text_align:center|color:%23282828&#8243; google_fonts=&#8221;font_family:Arimo%3Aregular%2Citalic%2C700%2C700italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;none&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Powder &amp; Cold Work Tool Steels Application Manager&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|font_size:19px|text_align:center|color:%23282828&#8243; google_fonts=&#8221;font_family:Arimo%3Aregular%2Citalic%2C700%2C700italic|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;none&#8221;]<style>.vcex-social-links.vcex_6ac84b13185d0{font-size:20px;}.vcex-social-links.vcex_6ac84b13185d0 .vcex-social-links__item{color:#282828;}.vcex-social-links.vcex_6ac84b13185d0 .vcex-social-links__item:hover{color:#4a6670;}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-social-links vcex-module wpex-flex wpex-flex-wrap wpex-gap-5 wpex-social-btns vcex-social-btns wpex-items-center wpex-justify-center wpex-last-mr-0 vcex_6ac84b13185d0\"><a href=\"mailto:&#100;&#046;&#109;ag&#105;&#115;t&#114;o&#110;&#105;&#064;&#098;ono&#109;&#105;acc&#105;&#097;i.i&#116;\" class=\"vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-no-style wpex-has-custom-color wpex-email\"><span class=\"vcex-social-links__icon wpex-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M48 64C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112c0 15.1 7.1 29.3 19.2 38.4L236.8 313.6c11.4 8.5 27 8.5 38.4 0L492.8 150.4c12.1-9.1 19.2-23.3 19.2-38.4c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48zM0 176V384c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V176L294.4 339.2c-22.8 17.1-54 17.1-76.8 0L0 176z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Email<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/daniele-magistroni-37b803ab\/\" class=\"vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-no-style wpex-has-custom-color wpex-linkedin\"><span class=\"vcex-social-links__icon wpex-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M100.3 448H7.4V148.9h92.9zM53.8 108.1C24.1 108.1 0 83.5 0 53.8a53.8 53.8 0 0 1 107.6 0c0 29.7-24.1 54.3-53.8 54.3zM447.9 448h-92.7V302.4c0-34.7-.7-79.2-48.3-79.2-48.3 0-55.7 37.7-55.7 76.7V448h-92.8V148.9h89.1v40.8h1.3c12.4-23.5 42.7-48.3 87.9-48.3 94 0 111.3 61.9 111.3 142.3V448z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\" style=\"height:24px;\"><\/div><div class=\"vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-max-w-100 wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main\" style=\"width:250px;margin-block:15px;border-color:#282828;\"><\/div><div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\" style=\"height:24px;\"><\/div>[vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Fill out the form:&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|font_size:26px|text_align:center|color:%23172028&#8243; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\" style=\"height:24px;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wpcf7 no-js\" id=\"wpcf7-f44579-o2\" lang=\"it-IT\" dir=\"ltr\" data-wpcf7-id=\"44579\">\n<div class=\"screen-reader-response\"><p role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\"><\/p> <ul><\/ul><\/div>\n<form action=\"\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47517#wpcf7-f44579-o2\" method=\"post\" class=\"wpcf7-form init\" aria-label=\"Modulo di contatto\" novalidate=\"novalidate\" data-status=\"init\">\n<fieldset class=\"hidden-fields-container\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7\" value=\"44579\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_version\" value=\"6.2.1\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_locale\" value=\"it_IT\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_unit_tag\" value=\"wpcf7-f44579-o2\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_container_post\" value=\"0\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_posted_data_hash\" value=\"\" \/>\n<\/fieldset>\n<style>\n.contact-form-wrapper {\n background: white; \/* Sfondo del modulo *\/\n padding: 20px;\n border-radius: 10px;\n box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n max-width: 600px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n color: black; \/* Colore del testo *\/\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper .form-row {\n display: flex;\n flex-wrap: wrap;\n margin-bottom: 5px; \/* Spazio ridotto tra le righe *\/\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper .form-column {\n flex: 1;\n padding: 0 10px;\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper .form-column-full {\n flex: 0 0 100%;\n padding: 0 10px;\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper .form-column label,\n.contact-form-wrapper .form-column-full label {\n display: block;\n margin-bottom: 5px; \/* Spazio ridotto tra etichetta e campo di input *\/\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper input[type=\"text\"],\n.contact-form-wrapper input[type=\"email\"],\n.contact-form-wrapper input[type=\"tel\"],\n.contact-form-wrapper textarea {\n width: 100%;\n padding: 10px;\n border-radius: 5px;\n border: none;\n background: darkgray; \/* Sfondo dei campi *\/\n color: white; \/* Colore del testo nei campi *\/\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper textarea {\n height: 100px;\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper p {\n margin: 5px 0; \/* Spazio ridotto tra i paragrafi *\/\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper .submit-row {\n display: flex;\n justify-content: center;\n padding: 0 10px;\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper input[type=\"submit\"] {\n width: 100%;\n background: black;\n color: white;\n padding: 10px 20px;\n font-size: 16px;\n border: none;\n border-radius: 10px;\n cursor: pointer;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n.contact-form-wrapper input[type=\"submit\"]:hover {\n background: #333;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"contact-form-wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"form-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"form-column\">\n\t\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<strong>Nome<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-name\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-required\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" placeholder=\"Nome\" value=\"\" type=\"text\" name=\"your-name\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"form-column\">\n\t\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<strong>Cognome<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-surname\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-required\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" placeholder=\"Cognome\" value=\"\" type=\"text\" name=\"your-surname\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"form-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"form-column\">\n\t\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<strong>Azienda<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-azienda\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-required\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" placeholder=\"Azienda\" value=\"\" type=\"text\" name=\"your-azienda\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"form-column\">\n\t\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<strong>Sito Web<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-website\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text\" aria-invalid=\"false\" placeholder=\"Sito Web\" value=\"\" type=\"text\" name=\"your-website\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"form-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"form-column\">\n\t\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<strong>Telefono<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-tel\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-required\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" placeholder=\"Telefono\" value=\"\" type=\"text\" name=\"your-tel\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"form-column\">\n\t\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<strong>Email<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-email\"><input size=\"40\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-email wpcf7-validates-as-required wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-email\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" placeholder=\"Email\" value=\"\" type=\"email\" name=\"your-email\" \/><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"form-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"form-column-full\">\n\t\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<strong>Messaggio<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-message\"><textarea cols=\"40\" rows=\"10\" maxlength=\"2000\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-textarea wpcf7-validates-as-required\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" placeholder=\"Messaggio\" name=\"your-message\"><\/textarea><\/span><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"form-row\">\n\t\t<p><label><br \/>\n<\/label>\n\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t<p><span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"checkbox-713\"><span class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-checkbox wpcf7-validates-as-required\"><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item first last\"><input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"checkbox-713[]\" value=\"Accetto la Privacy Policy\" \/><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item-label\">Accetto la Privacy Policy<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iubenda.com\/privacy-policy\/38826225\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Leggi qui<\/a>\n\t\t<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"form-row submit-row\">\n\t\t<p><input class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-submit has-spinner\" type=\"submit\" value=\"INVIA!\" \/>\n\t\t<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"wpcf7-response-output\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]In industrial heat treatments, the word annealing is widely used, yet it actually covers several distinct variants. Each variant serves a precise purpose, linked to the material and to the next manufacturing step. Below we examine five annealing types commonly applied in industry: Process Annealing (Ricottura di Lavorabilit\u00e0) Full Annealing (Ricottura Completa) Isothermal Annealing&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":47048,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1720],"tags":[2145,1694,2146,2151,2150,2144,2149,2143,2148,2142,2147],"post_series":[],"class_list":["post-47517","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technical-contents","tag-annealing","tag-bonomi-acciai-en","tag-full-annealing","tag-heat-treatments","tag-isothermal-annealing","tag-microstructure","tag-process-annealing","tag-quenching-and-tempering","tag-spheroidizing-annealing","tag-steels","tag-stress-relief-annealing","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.8 (Yoast SEO v28.6) - 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