{"id":47888,"date":"2025-06-24T10:31:37","date_gmt":"2025-06-24T08:31:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/?p=47888"},"modified":"2025-06-26T11:32:50","modified_gmt":"2025-06-26T09:32:50","slug":"heat-treatments-deformations-and-dimensional-changes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/en\/heat-treatments-deformations-and-dimensional-changes\/","title":{"rendered":"Deformations and Dimensional Changes During Heat Treatment"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\">[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]During the <strong data-start=\"233\" data-end=\"252\">heat treatments<\/strong> of <strong data-start=\"256\" data-end=\"274\">special steels<\/strong> \u2013 such as quenching, tempering, or annealing \u2013 it is common to observe <strong data-start=\"346\" data-end=\"362\">deformations<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"367\" data-end=\"390\">dimensional changes<\/strong>. Understanding their causes is essential to prevent them and to obtain functional, reliable, and project-compliant components.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What do we mean by:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"546\" data-end=\"561\">Deformation<\/strong>: alteration of the geometry of a part (e.g., warping, out-of-square, ovalisation, torsion, etc.)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"664\" data-end=\"686\">Dimensional change<\/strong> (or more precisely, volumetric change): variation in volume without a geometrical deformation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Although these are different phenomena, they often occur together. Understanding their origin allows you to control them through appropriate design and heat treatment choices.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main\" style=\"border-color:#ebebeb;\"><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Origin of Deformations&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]Geometrical deformations are mainly caused by internal stresses resulting from:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1081\" data-end=\"1131\">Temperature differences between core and surface<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1081\" data-end=\"1131\">Non-uniform microstructural transformations<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1081\" data-end=\"1131\">Residual stresses from mechanical machining (work hardening)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1081\" data-end=\"1131\">Positioning errors inside the furnace<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><strong data-start=\"1288\" data-end=\"1305\">Key principle<\/strong>:<br \/>\n<\/b>The lower the \u0394T (temperature difference) between the core and the surface, the lower the thermal stress\u2014and therefore the deformation\u2014generated.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;47615&#8243; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;left&#8221; onclick=&#8221;img_link_large&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main\" style=\"border-color:#ebebeb;\"><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Main Causes of Deformation&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<strong>Residual stresses from machining<br \/>\n<\/strong>Operations such as milling or grinding induce stress states that add to those generated by heat.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Thermal inhomogeneities<br \/>\n<\/strong>Uneven preheating<br \/>\nExcessively fast cooling<br \/>\nSections with varying thickness<br \/>\nDirectionality of quenching jets<\/p>\n<p><strong>Positioning in the furnace<br \/>\n<\/strong>The way the part is placed greatly affects heat distribution and the resulting stress pattern.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main\" style=\"border-color:#ebebeb;\"><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Volumetric Changes: What Causes Them?&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<strong data-start=\"1986\" data-end=\"2007\">Volumetric change<\/strong> is directly linked to the <strong data-start=\"2034\" data-end=\"2059\">phase transformations<\/strong> of steel during rapid cooling (quenching).<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Initial Phase<\/th>\n<th><b>\u27a1<\/b><\/th>\n<th>Final Phase<\/th>\n<th><b>Volume Change<\/b><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Ferrite \/ Pearlite<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u27a1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Austenite<\/span><\/td>\n<td><b>\u2193<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> volume<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Austenite<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u27a1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Martensite<\/span><\/td>\n<td><b>\u2191<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> volume<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Each phase change involves a volume variation that adds up to deformation caused by temperature gradients.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;47617&#8243; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; onclick=&#8221;img_link_large&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main\" style=\"border-color:#ebebeb;\"><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Esempio pratico&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]An industrial component before and after quenching may show:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2562\" data-end=\"2595\">Angular shifts near sharp edges<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2562\" data-end=\"2595\">Longitudinal torsion<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2562\" data-end=\"2595\">Local dimensional deviations from 0.1 mm up to several millimetres, depending on material, section geometry, and the treatment applied<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;47619&#8243; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; onclick=&#8221;img_link_large&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main\" style=\"border-color:#ebebeb;\"><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Conclusion&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\n<div class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\n<div class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p data-start=\"2783\" data-end=\"2962\">Controlling <strong data-start=\"2795\" data-end=\"2811\">deformations<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"2816\" data-end=\"2839\">dimensional changes<\/strong> is only possible by thoroughly understanding the material, its properties, and the dynamics of the heat treatment process.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2964\" data-end=\"3245\">At <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/en\/\"><b>Bonomi Acciai<\/b><\/a>, representatives of the <a href=\"https:\/\/swisssteel-group.com\/it\"><b>Swiss Steel Group<\/b><\/a>, we support die makers and designers with carefully selected <strong data-start=\"3092\" data-end=\"3110\">special steels<\/strong> and targeted technical expertise, ensuring consistent performance and dimensional reliability even in the most demanding applications.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=&#8221;stretch_row_content&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1717678542423{background-color: #ebebeb !important;}&#8221; visibility=&#8221;hidden-phone&#8221;][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\" style=\"height:35px;\"><\/div>[vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Would you like to learn more?&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|font_size:46px|text_align:center|color:%23172028&#8243; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing 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Policy\" \/><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item-label\">Accetto la Privacy Policy<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iubenda.com\/privacy-policy\/38826225\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Leggi qui<\/a>\n\t\t<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"form-row submit-row\">\n\t\t<p><input class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-submit has-spinner\" type=\"submit\" value=\"INVIA!\" \/>\n\t\t<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"wpcf7-response-output\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]During the heat treatments of special steels \u2013 such as quenching, tempering, or annealing \u2013 it is common to observe deformations and dimensional changes. Understanding their causes is essential to prevent them and to obtain functional, reliable, and project-compliant components. What do we mean by: Deformation: alteration of the geometry of a part (e.g.,&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":47623,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1720],"tags":[1759,1777,1694,1778,2099,2011,2167,2174,2163,2169,2166,2111,2170,2173,2162,2164,2171,2172,2168,2165,2087,2088],"post_series":[],"class_list":["post-47888","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technical-contents","tag-acciai-speciali-en","tag-ba-en","tag-bonomi-acciai-en","tag-bonomiacciai-en","tag-ciclo-termico-acciaio-en","tag-deformazioni-acciaio-en","tag-die-cooling-holes","tag-die-heat-treatment","tag-die-maker-precautions","tag-dye-penetrant-testing","tag-edm-on-dies","tag-fori-raffreddamento-stampi-en","tag-heat-treatment-preparation","tag-sharp-edges","tag-special-steels","tag-steel-cracking","tag-steel-die-design","tag-steel-welds","tag-stepped-milling","tag-structural-defects-in-dies","tag-swiss-steel-group-en","tag-trattamento-termico-acciaio-en","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.8 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Heat Treatments: Deformations and Dimensional Changes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover key precautions to avoid defects during heat treatments of steel dies. 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