{"id":49549,"date":"2026-07-28T10:00:39","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T08:00:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/?p=49549"},"modified":"2026-06-03T16:51:38","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T14:51:38","slug":"steel-metallography-microstructure","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/en\/steel-metallography-microstructure\/","title":{"rendered":"Steel metallography: the invisible structure of the material"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\" id=\"wpb-content-root\">[vc_row el_class=&#8221;ba-intro-lead&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]After analyzing chemical composition, hardness, toughness and internal controls, we now move on to one of the most important aspects for truly understanding the quality of steel: <strong>metallography<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Metallographic examination<\/strong> makes it possible to observe the internal microstructure of the material and understand how it affects its mechanical properties and performance in service.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 Through a metallographic microscope and a steel micrograph, it is possible to analyze elements that would not be visible to the naked eye, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>microstructural phases<\/li>\n<li>material homogeneity<\/li>\n<li>effects of heat treatments<\/li>\n<li>grain size<\/li>\n<li>inclusions<\/li>\n<li>porosity<\/li>\n<li>cracks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In the case of special steels, such as <strong>1.2343 steel<\/strong>, metallographic analysis is essential to verify that the structure of the material is consistent with the required performance.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/6&#8243;][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;]<div class=\"wpex-slider-preloaderimg wpex-relative\"><img width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20260513_105110.jpg\" class=\"skip-lazy\" alt=\"Campioni di acciaio inglobati in resina per esame metallografico e preparazione all\u2019analisi della microstruttura.\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20260513_105110.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20260513_105110-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20260513_105110-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20260513_105110-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><div class=\"vcex-image-slider vcex-module wpex-slider slider-pro wpex-clr\" data-thumbnails=\"true\"><div class=\"wpex-slider-slides sp-slides\"><div class=\"wpex-slider-slide sp-slide\"><div class=\"wpex-slider-media wpex-relative\"><img width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20260513_105110.jpg\" class=\"skip-lazy\" alt=\"Campioni di acciaio inglobati in resina per esame metallografico e preparazione all\u2019analisi della microstruttura.\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20260513_105110.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20260513_105110-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20260513_105110-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20260513_105110-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpex-slider-slide sp-slide\"><div class=\"wpex-slider-media wpex-relative\"><img width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05850.jpg\" class=\"skip-lazy\" alt=\"Metallographic microscope for observing steel microstructure and quality control in the Bonomi Acciai laboratory.\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05850.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05850-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05850-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05850-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpex-slider-slide sp-slide\"><div class=\"wpex-slider-media wpex-relative\"><img width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05877.jpg\" class=\"skip-lazy\" alt=\"Polished steel sample for metallographic examination, ready for microscope observation and microstructure analysis.\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05877.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05877-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05877-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05877-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpex-slider-thumbnails sp-thumbnails\"><img width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20260513_105110.jpg\" class=\"wpex-slider-thumbnail sp-thumbnail skip-lazy\" alt=\"Campioni di acciaio inglobati in resina per esame metallografico e preparazione all\u2019analisi della microstruttura.\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20260513_105110.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20260513_105110-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20260513_105110-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/20260513_105110-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><img width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05850.jpg\" class=\"wpex-slider-thumbnail sp-thumbnail skip-lazy\" alt=\"Metallographic microscope for observing steel microstructure and quality control in the Bonomi Acciai laboratory.\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05850.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05850-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05850-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05850-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><img width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05877.jpg\" class=\"wpex-slider-thumbnail sp-thumbnail skip-lazy\" alt=\"Polished steel sample for metallographic examination, ready for microscope observation and microstructure analysis.\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05877.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05877-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05877-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.bonomiacciai.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DSC05877-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/6&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column el_class=&#8221;ba-box&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;\ud83d\udd0d What metallographic examination is&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h3|text_align:left&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<strong>Metallographic examination of steel<\/strong> is an analysis technique that makes it possible to study the internal structure of metallic materials.<\/p>\n<p>It does not simply indicate \u201cwhat chemical composition\u201d a steel has, but allows us to <strong>observe how that composition is organized within the microstructure<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 In practice, metallography makes it possible to observe:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the distribution of metallurgical phases<\/li>\n<li>the morphology of the microstructure<\/li>\n<li>the effects of processing and heat treatments<\/li>\n<li>any defects or anomalies<\/li>\n<li>the metallurgical quality of the material<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For this reason, metallographic examination is an essential tool in the quality control of special steels.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column el_class=&#8221;ba-box&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;\ud83e\uddea Why perform a metallographic examination&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]Metallographic analysis is performed for several reasons.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 In particular, it makes it possible to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>verify material homogeneity<\/li>\n<li>identify microstructural defects<\/li>\n<li>evaluate inclusions, porosity or cracks<\/li>\n<li>check the effectiveness of heat treatments<\/li>\n<li>recognize the phases present in the microstructure<\/li>\n<li>evaluate grain size<\/li>\n<li>predict the behavior of the material in service<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The microstructure is directly connected to the mechanical properties of steel.<\/p>\n<p>A material with the same chemical composition can have different performance if its internal structure changes.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 For this reason, metallography helps connect technical data to the actual condition of the material.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column el_class=&#8221;ba-box&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;\ud83d\udd27 How the sample is prepared&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h3|text_align:left&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]Before observing the material under the microscope, the sample must be properly prepared.<\/p>\n<p>Preparation is a fundamental step: a poorly prepared sample can lead to incorrect or unreliable readings.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Sample cutting<\/h3>\n<p>The sample is taken from the material to be analyzed by cutting it with a metallographic cutting machine.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 This step must be carried out carefully to avoid overheating or alterations that could modify the actual microstructure of the steel.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Resin mounting<\/h3>\n<p>The sample can be mounted in a thermosetting or cold-curing resin.<\/p>\n<p>This operation makes the sample easier to handle and protects the edges during the following steps.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Grinding and polishing<\/h3>\n<p>The sample is then ground and polished through progressive steps.<\/p>\n<p>Abrasive papers with decreasing grit size and diamond pastes are used until a smooth, reflective surface is obtained.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 The goal is to achieve a \u201cmirror-like\u201d surface suitable for metallographic observation.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column el_class=&#8221;ba-box&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;\u2697\ufe0f Chemical etching of the sample&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h3|text_align:left&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]After polishing, the sample undergoes <strong>chemical etching<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>This step is used to reveal the microstructure of the material.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 The chemical reagent acts selectively on the different phases present in the steel, making visible:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>grain boundaries<\/li>\n<li>metallurgical phases<\/li>\n<li>structural differences<\/li>\n<li>areas transformed by heat treatment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>One of the most widely used reagents for many steels is <strong>nital<\/strong>, a solution of nitric acid in alcohol.<\/p>\n<p>However, the choice of reagent depends on the type of steel and on what needs to be observed.<\/p>\n<p>For steels that are particularly resistant to corrosion, such as steels with a high Cr and Nickel content, metallographic etching requires the use of more aggressive reagents, since their high passivation makes etching with common chemical reagents difficult. Some examples include Unico Cogne, Vilella and Kalling etching.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column el_class=&#8221;ba-box&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;\ud83d\udd2c Microscope observation&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h3|text_align:left&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]Once prepared and chemically etched, the sample is observed under the microscope.<\/p>\n<h3>Optical microscope<\/h3>\n<p>The optical microscope makes it possible to observe the microstructure of the material with magnifications that can reach approximately <strong>1000x<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 It allows the evaluation of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>general morphology of the microstructure<\/li>\n<li>distribution of phases<\/li>\n<li>grain size<\/li>\n<li>inclusions<\/li>\n<li>visible anomalies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>SEM electron microscope<\/h3>\n<p>For more in-depth analyses and high magnifications, <strong>SEM<\/strong>, or scanning electron microscope, can be used.<\/p>\n<p>This instrument provides high-resolution images of the sample surface.<\/p>\n<h3>EDS analysis<\/h3>\n<p><strong>EDS<\/strong> analysis, often combined with SEM, makes it possible to evaluate the local chemical composition of specific areas or particles present on the sample.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 It is useful, for example, when inclusions or particular anomalies need to be investigated in greater depth.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column el_class=&#8221;ba-box&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;\ud83e\udde0 What metallography can reveal&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h3|text_align:left&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]The analysis of metallographic images provides very important information about the material.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 In particular, it makes it possible to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>identify the metallic phases present<\/li>\n<li>evaluate their distribution<\/li>\n<li>measure or estimate grain size<\/li>\n<li>assess the quality of heat treatments<\/li>\n<li>verify the presence of the expected microstructures<\/li>\n<li>identify non-metallic inclusions<\/li>\n<li>observe porosity or cracks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Metallography therefore makes it possible to understand whether the material is consistent with the required condition and final application.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column el_class=&#8221;ba-box&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;\ud83e\uddf1 Metallography and 1.2343 steel&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h3|text_align:left&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]In the case of a hot-work tool steel such as <strong>1.2343<\/strong>, metallographic examination is particularly important.<\/p>\n<p>This type of steel is used in applications requiring high performance and stability under demanding conditions.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 Metallographic analysis can help evaluate:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>microstructure quality<\/li>\n<li>material homogeneity<\/li>\n<li>any inclusions or segregations<\/li>\n<li>effects of heat treatments<\/li>\n<li>presence of microstructural anomalies<\/li>\n<li>suitability of the material for the intended use<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A micrograph of 1.2343 steel can therefore become a useful tool to clearly show the invisible structure of the material.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column el_class=&#8221;ba-box&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;\ud83d\udccf Metallographic evaluations according to NADCA#207, SEP 1614 and SEP 1615&#8243; font_container=&#8221;tag:h3|text_align:left&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]In some cases, metallographic examination is not limited to the general observation of the microstructure, but can be performed according to technical specifications or reference standards.<\/p>\n<p>For special steels, references such as the following may be used:<\/p>\n<p><strong>NADCA#207<\/strong>, often linked to the evaluation of hot-work tool steels and the requirements of the die casting\/mould sector;<br \/>\n<strong>SEP 1614<\/strong>, related to the microstructural evaluation of hot-work tool steels;<br \/>\n<strong>SEP 1615<\/strong>, related to the microstructural evaluation of high-speed steels.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 These evaluations make it possible to analyze aspects such as the following in a more structured way:<\/p>\n<p>microstructure quality<br \/>\ndegree of homogeneity<br \/>\npresence of segregations<br \/>\ndistribution of carbides or specific phases<br \/>\nany metallographic anomalies<br \/>\nconsistency of the material with the required standards<\/p>\n<p>The goal is to make metallographic evaluation more objective and comparable, especially when the material is intended for particularly demanding technical applications.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column el_class=&#8221;ba-box&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;\ud83c\udfed Metallographic examination in the BA laboratory&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h3|text_align:left&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]At the Bonomi Acciai laboratory,<strong> metallographic examination<\/strong> is performed internally using a metallographic microscope, which makes it possible to directly observe the microstructure of the steel.<\/p>\n<p>The sample is prepared by following all the main stages of metallographic analysis:<strong> cutting, resin mounting, grinding, polishing and chemical etching.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The etching method is selected according to the type of steel: BA mainly uses <strong>nital<\/strong>, while<strong> Unico Cogne etching<\/strong> may be used for steels with a high <strong>chromium<\/strong> and <strong>nickel content<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 Under the microscope, elements such as the following are normally observed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>material microstructure<\/li>\n<li>grain size<\/li>\n<li>inclusions<\/li>\n<li>cracks<\/li>\n<li>carbides<\/li>\n<li>effects of heat treatments<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Thanks to these analyses, BA can characterize the microstructure of the material and compare it with reference standards and specifications, obtaining an objective and standardized evaluation of the analyzed steel.<\/p>\n<p>In the case of special steels such as <strong>1.2343<\/strong>, metallographic examination helps verify that the internal structure is consistent with the supply condition, heat treatment and intended final application.<\/p>\n<p>BA also considers references such as <strong>NADCA#207, SEP 1614 and SEP 1615<\/strong>, used as criteria for the evaluation and acceptance of materials, both in the as-supplied or annealed condition and in the quenched and tempered condition after heat treatment.<\/p>\n<p>In simple terms, these standards are used to evaluate the<strong> internal quality of the steel<\/strong> and verify that the material is suitable for the application required by the customer.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 For the customer, this means having a direct verification of the material quality, useful for confirming the correct metallurgical structure, identifying any internal defects, evaluating the homogeneity of the steel and reducing the risk of problems in service.<\/p>\n<p>In summary, metallographic examination provides greater product reliability and supports more informed technical decisions.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column el_class=&#8221;ba-box&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;\ud83d\udd04 Connection to the series&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h3|text_align:left&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]In the series dedicated to steel quality, metallography represents a fundamental step because it makes it possible to directly observe the internal structure of the material.<\/p>\n<p>After analyzing chemical composition, hardness, toughness and non-destructive testing, metallographic examination adds an even deeper level of interpretation.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 It makes it possible to connect:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>chemical composition<\/li>\n<li>heat treatments<\/li>\n<li>microstructure<\/li>\n<li>mechanical properties<\/li>\n<li>behavior in service<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Each microscope image tells part of the story of the material.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column el_class=&#8221;ba-box&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;\ud83c\udfaf Conclusion&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h3|text_align:left&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]Metallographic examination is a fundamental tool for understanding the quality of steel.<br \/>\nThrough sample preparation, chemical etching and microscope observation, it is possible to analyze the microstructure of the material and verify aspects that would not be visible in any other way.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 Understanding metallography means going beyond the certificate and directly observing the invisible structure of steel.<br \/>\nIt is precisely there, in the microstructure, that many answers about the material\u2019s real performance can be found.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1775557578713{background-color: #ebebeb !important;}&#8221; visibility=&#8221;hidden-phone&#8221;][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\" style=\"height:35px;\"><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Would you like to learn more about how steel controls and inspections are managed?<br \/>\nContact us to speak with our technical department.<br \/>\nOr fill in the form below to receive more information.<\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\" style=\"height:35px;\"><\/div>[vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Contact our technical department:&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|font_size:26px|text_align:center|color:%23172028&#8243; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Fill in the form:&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|font_size:26px|text_align:center|color:%23172028&#8243; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\" 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class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-submit has-spinner\" type=\"submit\" value=\"INVIA!\" \/>\n\t\t<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"wpcf7-response-output\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]\n<div class=\"\">\n<div class=\"h-full min-h-0 min-w-0\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"z-0 flex min-h-[46px] justify-start\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-3 w-full empty:hidden\">\n<div class=\"text-center\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pointer-events-none -mt-px h-px translate-y-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom)-14*var(--spacing))]\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"pointer-events-none translate-y-(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom) R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars min-h-(--gutter-remaining-height,0px) 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Metallographic examination makes it possible to observe the internal microstructure of the material and understand how it affects its mechanical properties and performance in service.&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":49564,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2175,2176,1720],"tags":[3406,1759,3387,3388,3052,3414,3389,3390,3280,3279,3391,3392,3409,2978,3393,3394,3411,3395,3264,3265,3396,3404,3408,3397,3398,3013,3343,3399,3400,3401,2162,3413,3019,3412,3407,3403,3402,3405,3020,2989,3016,3410],"post_series":[],"class_list":["post-49549","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-en","category-home-en","category-technical-contents","tag-1-2343-steel","tag-acciai-speciali-en","tag-acciaio-1-2343","tag-analisi-metallografica-acciaio","tag-anatomia-di-un-acciaio","tag-anatomy-of-a-steel","tag-attacco-chimico-acciaio","tag-attacco-unico-cogne","tag-ba-laboratory","tag-bonomi-acciai-laboratory","tag-campione-metallografico","tag-carburi-acciaio","tag-chemical-etching-of-steel","tag-controllo-qualita-acciaio","tag-dimensione-del-grano","tag-esame-metallografico-acciaio","tag-grain-size","tag-inclusioni-acciaio","tag-laboratorio-ba","tag-laboratorio-bonomi-acciai","tag-metallografia-acciaio","tag-metallographic-microscope","tag-metallographic-sample","tag-micrografia-acciaio","tag-microscopio-metallografico","tag-microstruttura-acciaio","tag-nadca-207","tag-nital","tag-sep-1614","tag-sep-1615","tag-special-steels","tag-steel-carbides","tag-steel-heat-treatments","tag-steel-inclusions","tag-steel-metallographic-analysis","tag-steel-metallographic-examination","tag-steel-metallography","tag-steel-micrograph","tag-steel-microstructure","tag-steel-quality-control","tag-trattamenti-termici-acciaio","tag-unico-cogne-etching","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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